Philadelphia Museum of Art.Įveryone is entitled to their own view on this.
Lawrence Alma-Tadema, A Reading from Homer, 1885. Or is 'Homer' more a spirit than anything else, simply a name to give to a pair of remarkable poems which evolved and grew over hundreds of years and which can't be attributed to anyone in particular? So, should we think of Homer as a sort of editor, who shaped the inherited material into the complete poems? Or was Homer at the other end of the process? After being passed orally from generation to generation, the poems must have been refined when they were written down for the first time. So where might Homer fit into this? Going on the theory that there was a Homer, perhaps a poet who was born in Smyrna and worked on Chios, was he the original storyteller who came up with the plots of the epics, influenced perhaps by a conflict just north of where he came from, at Troy?
The war is set in the ancient past, so words and objects were chosen to characterise this earlier time. It is partly accidental that the Homeric epics are such a chronological jumble – they preserve real memories and traces and phrases of the ancient past – and partly intentional. There is a reference to the building of temples to the gods, for example, but the earliest Greek temples to the gods that we know of were constructed in the eighth century BC. But they also contain details which derive from later times. Photo by Andreas Trepte, The poems contain descriptions which evoke this glorious lost age. Mycenae was one of the most important settlements in Greece during the Bronze Age. The precise reasons for why their civilisation collapsed in the 12th century BC are still a matter of scholarly debate. It finds its counterpart in the grand palaces that Mycenaean Greeks built in the Peloponnese in the period between 1600–1200 BC. Still today the monumental architecture of the city of Troy speaks of the highly developed civilisation that flourished in this period in Anatolia. The men of this time are presented as far stronger and mightier than those who came after them. Many scholars today believe that, if anything like the Trojan War ever happened, the most feasible historical background for the heroic age of the epics is the Late Bronze Age, about 400 years before the Iliad and Odyssey were first written down. The poems may also preserve memories of an earlier, heroic age. The story of the judgement of Paris, in other words, is at least contemporary, if not older, than the poems themselves. It's taken for granted that anyone coming to the poems would already have known the details. The story of the origins of the Trojan War, for example, in which Paris, prince of Troy, granted Aphrodite, goddess of love, the golden apple, is alluded to only briefly by Homer. On the right, Helen is approached by three women bringing jewellery and perfume. Aphrodite, last of the three, lifts her dress to show a flash of leg. At the left, Paris awaits the three goddesses. Homer’s name can be translated from a word that means blind, but the vivid imagery of the Iliad and the Odyssey suggest that the author of the poems must have had sight at some point in his life.This Etruscan painting from a tomb shows the Judgement of Paris. The language of the Iliad and the Odyssey suggest that Homer came from the western coast of the modern nation of Turkey.
Modern scholars believe the Iliad and the Odyssey are based on oral legends, but the epics are often attributed to a storyteller named Homer. As the Trojans slept, Greek soldiers emerged from their hiding place inside the wooden horse, opened the city gates, and began to burn the sleeping city.
After a great victory celebration of their defeat of the Greek army, the people of Troy slept for the night. The joyous Trojans opened the city gates and pulled in the giant statue. The Greek navy pretended to sail away, but they only sailed out to a hidden location. The Greeks left a huge wooden horse as a peace offering to the Trojans. The war began after a Trojan prince named Paris kidnapped Helen.Īccording to the Odyssey, the Trojan War ended when the Greeks pretended to give up their quest for Helen. The Trojan War was fought over Helen, who according to legend was the beautiful daughter of Zeus and the wife of the king of the Greek polis of Sparta. The two oldest surviving examples of Greek literature are the Iliadand the Odyssey, epic poems that describe the Trojan War, a conflict between the Greeks and the city of Troy that the epics say was fought almost 1200 years before the Common Era.
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